Difference between revisions of "Y-DNA"

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==Status summary==
 
==Status summary==
−
As of January 14, 2017:
+
As of October 26, 2022:
 +
* Y-DNA Profiles created for all male Mayflower passengers who are known to have living Y-DNA descendants
 +
* Y-DNA Profiles created for all of the sons in-laws and many of the grandsons in-law of Mayflower Passengers who are known to have living Y-DNA descendants
 +
 
 +
==Important Note==
 +
[[Read me First|Read me First]]
 +
 
 +
While autosomal DNA tests (such as 23andMe and AncestryDNA) do test for a number of Y-SNPs (with 23andMe reporting Y-DNA and mtDNA Haplogroups) their chip-based testing only documents a limited number of SNPs and can give inaccurate information.
 +
<!--
 +
  As of January 14, 2017:
 
* Recruiting participants for ''Y Elite'' tests
 
* Recruiting participants for ''Y Elite'' tests
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
Line 19: Line 28:
 
| 6
 
| 6
 
| 2
 
| 2
−
|}
+
|} -->
 +
 
 +
==Male ''Mayflower'' passengers and crew==
  
−
==Paternal lineages of ''Mayflower'' passengers==
+
Surnames of ''Mayflower'' passengers and crew, with links to corresponding Y-DNA results pages, are listed below. Names with an asterisk * died during the first winter during what is called "the general sickness".
  
−
Surnames of ''Mayflower'' passengers and crew, with links to corresponding Y-DNA results pages, are listed below.
+
<big>'''Leiden Congregation'''</big>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="col"| Surname<ref>''links to sub-pages under development''</ref>
+
! scope="col"| Surname
−
! scope="col" style="width:11em;"| Given name(s) aboard ''Mayflower''
+
! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Given name(s) aboard ''Mayflower''
−
! scope="col" style="width:7em;" | Y-DNA aboard ''Mayflower''
+
! scope="col" style="width:4em;" | Living descendants<ref>according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society</ref>
−
! scope="col" style="width:7em;" | Known living descendants<ref>according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society</ref>
+
! scope="col" style="width:4em;" | Living ''patrilineal'' descendants <!-- this refers to direct descendants for the individual(s) from the Mayflower; if 'no', there is still a possibility for indirect relatives to have the same Y-DNA lineage -->  
−
! scope="col" style="width:7em;" | Known living ''paternal line'' descendants <!-- this refers to direct descendants for the individual(s) from the Mayflower; if 'no', there is still a possibility for indirect relatives to have the same Y-DNA lineage -->  
+
! scope="col" style="width:em;" | Y-DNA haplogroup<ref>Most SNP results may still be further refined as more Y-DNA descendants of Mayflower Passengers obtain Next Generation Sequence (NGS)/Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) tests. ''Italics'' indicate the haplogroup is merely '''predicted''' based soley on STR testing and may not be precise. In some of these cases, the result could be inaccurate due to inadvertent errors in lineage tracing. See surname sub-pages for further details and references.</ref>
−
! scope="col" style="width:7em;" | Y-DNA haplogroup<ref>Most SNP results may still be further refined as more Y-DNA descendants of Mayflower Passengers obtain Next Generation Sequence (NGS)/Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) tests. ''Italics'' indicate the haplogroup is merely '''predicted''' based soley on STR testing and may not be precise. In some of these cases, the result could be inaccurate due to inadvertent errors in lineage tracing. See surname sub-pages for further details and references.</ref>
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| [[Alden (Y-DNA)|Alden]]
+
! scope="row"| [[Allerton (Y-DNA)|Allerton]]
−
| ''John''
+
| ''Isaac'', <small>''Bartholomew''</small>
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b ''R1b-M269'']
+
−
|-
+
−
! scope="row"| Allerton
+
−
| ''Isaac'', <small>''Bartholomew''</small>, <small>''Remember''</small>, <small>''Mary''</small>
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 +
|  <center><ref>Son Bartholomew returned to England where he married and had children. Whether he has any living Y-DNA descendants is unknown. Son Isaac is believed to only have had one son (Isaac) who died without issue.</ref></center>
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
! scope="row"| Billington
 
−
| ''John'', <small>''John''</small>, <small>''Francis''</small>
 
−
| {{ya}}
 
−
| {{ya}}
 
−
| {{ya}}
 
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b ''R1b-U106''] <br><small>''U106''</small>
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| [[Bradford (Y-DNA)|Bradford]]
 
! scope="row"| [[Bradford (Y-DNA)|Bradford]]
Line 57: Line 53:
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253 <small> I1-M253>DF29>Z63>BY151>BY351>BY3407>CTS2910>Y10994>Y21374>Y21371>Y21370>Y21372>FGC72882</small>]
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253 I-M253] <br><small> M253>DF29>Z63</small>
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| [[Brewster (Y-DNA)|Brewster]]
 
! scope="row"| [[Brewster (Y-DNA)|Brewster]]
Line 64: Line 59:
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253 <small>I1-M253>Z17954>FGC47136>S2304>Z17942>Z17928>Z17926>Z17924>A9783>A19407>FT1754] <!--<small>I1-M253>S2304>Z17942>Z17928>Z17926>Z17924</small> -->
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253 I-M253] <br><small>I-M253>S2304>Z17942>Z17928>Z17926>Z17924</small>
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Browne
+
! scope="row"| [[Carver (Y-DNA) |Carver]]
−
| ''Peter''
+
| ''John''
−
| {{ya}}
+
| {{na}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| {{na}}
−
| {{na}} <!-- based on three daughters and one child of unknown gender, as described at Wikipedia and mayflowerhistory -->
+
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Chilton
+
! scope="row"| [[Chilton (Y-DNA)|Chilton]]
−
| ''James'', <small>''Mary''</small>
+
| ''James''*
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| {{na}}
−
| {{na}} <!-- known descendants appear to be only via two of his daughters; only one son may have survived to adulthood, and it looks like not much is known about him (Wikipedia says only three daughters survived to adulthood); another potentially useful resource is http://www.coltechpub.com/hartgen/htm/chilton.htm -->
+
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| [[Cooke (Y-DNA)|Cooke]]
 
! scope="row"| [[Cooke (Y-DNA)|Cooke]]
Line 83: Line 77:
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I <small>I-M223>CTS616>FGC15071>BY1003>L1229>Z2069>Z2068>Z2054>Y4746>FGC15109>FGC15105>BY18>Y4761>Y4760>FGC57449>FGC57463>FGC57458>FGC57472</small>]<!--from old Y-Elite result <small>CTS9183>FGC15073>Z2057>L1229>Z2069>Z2068>Z2054>FGC15106>Y4760</small>-->
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438 I-M223] <br><small>CTS9183>FGC15073>Z2057>L1229>Z2069>Z2058>Z2054>FGC15106>Y4760</small>
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| [[Doty (Y-DNA)|Doty]]
+
! scope="row"| [[Crackston(e) (Y-DNA) |Crackston(e)]]
−
| ''Edward''
+
| ''John''*, <small>''John''</small>
−
| {{ya}}
+
! <ref>Mayflower Increasings:42 (from MD 40:117 and Stratton:274) states he had a daughter Anna (of Colchester, England) filed marriage banns with Thomas Smith of Bury England at Leiden on 12/22 Dec 1618. It is possible they may have descendants living today.</ref>
−
| {{ya}}
+
| {{na}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b R1b-L21] <br><small>DF13>FGC11134>A146/Z16250>Z255>L159.2>Z16433>A1254>FT78842</small>
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| [[Eaton (Y-DNA)|Eaton]]
+
! scope="row"| [[Fletcher (Y-DNA)|Fletcher]]
−
| ''Francis'', <small>''Samuel''</small>
+
| ''Moses''*
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b R1b-U106]<br><small>U198>S10591</small>
+
−
|-
+
−
! scope="row"| Fletcher
+
−
| ''Moses''
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| <!--likely no; as of 2011, all GSMD members were via daughter-->
+
| {{na}}<!-- <ref>See https://www.tamurajones.net/TheMissingMayflowerPilgrim.xhtml</ref> -->
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| [[Fuller (Y-DNA)|Fuller]]  
 
! scope="row"| [[Fuller (Y-DNA)|Fuller]]  
−
| ''Edward'', ''Samuel'', <small>''Samuel''</small>
+
| ''Edward''*, <small>''Samuel''</small>
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269 <small>R-M269>>U106>>S12025>FGC12021>S17339>FGC53777>S25007>FGC31905>FGC53757>BZ3170>Y85916</small>]
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b R1b-U106]<br><small>U106>Z2265>BY30097>S12025>S17339>S25007>>FT14518</small>
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| [[Hopkins (Y-DNA)|Hopkins]]  
+
! scope="row"| [[Fuller (Y-DNA) |Fuller]]
−
| ''Stephen'', <small>''Giles''</small>, <small>''Constance''</small>, <small>''Damaris''</small>, <small>''Oceanus''</small>
+
| ''Samuel''
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269 <small>R-M269>>U106>>S12025>FGC12021>S17339>FGC53777>S25007>FGC31905>FGC53757>BZ3170>Y85916>FTB68669</small>]
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b R1b-U106] <br><small>''U106>>Z9>Z30>Z2>Z7>CTS10893><ref>based on DYS492=13 (predictive of U106) and DYS510=15 (predictive of CTS10893)</ref>''</small>
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| [[Howland (Y-DNA)|Howland]]
+
! scope="row"| [[Goodman (Y-DNA) |Goodman]]
−
| ''John''
+
| ''John''
−
| {{ya}}
+
|
−
| {{ya}}
+
|
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b R1b-U106] <br><small>Z9>Z30>Z2>Z7>Z8>Z1>Z344>Z6>A96>S10415>A9703</small>
+
−
|-
+
−
! scope="row"| More
+
−
| ''Richard'', ''Ellen'', ''Jasper'', ''Mary''
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{na}} <!-- according to Wikipedia, only known living descendants of Richard More come via granddaughter Susanna Dutch -->
+
−
|-
+
−
! scope="row"| Mullins
+
−
| ''William'', <small>''Priscilla''</small>, <small>''Joseph''</small>
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{na}}
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| [[Priest (Y-DNA)|Priest]]
 
! scope="row"| [[Priest (Y-DNA)|Priest]]
−
| ''Degory''
+
| ''Degory''*
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| [[Rogers (Y-DNA)|Rogers]]
 
! scope="row"| [[Rogers (Y-DNA)|Rogers]]
−
| ''Thomas'', <small>''Joseph''</small>
+
| ''Thomas''*, <small>''Joseph''</small>
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| {{ya}}  
−
| {{ya}}
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269 <small>R-M269>L21>DF13>ZZ10_1>Z253>FGC3268>ZZ6_1>BY43439>BY4303>FGC59516>FGC59535>FGC59523</small>]
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b R1b-L21] <br><small>Z253</small>
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| [[Samson (Y-DNA)|Samson]]
+
! scope="row"| [[Tilley (Y-DNA) |Tilley]]
−
| ''Henry''
+
| ''John''*, ''Edward''*
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| {{na}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438 ''I-M223'']
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| [[Soule (Y-DNA)|Soule]]
+
! scope="row"| Tinker
−
| ''George''
+
| ''Thomas''*, <small>''son''</small>*
−
| {{ya}}
+
| {{na}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| {{na}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | all died during the first sickness
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253 I-M253]<br><small>DF29>Z58>Z59>Z60>Z140>Z2535>S1954>S12289>A20032</small>
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| [[Standish (Y-DNA)|Standish]]
+
! scope="row"| Turner<ref>See [http://mayflowerhistory.com/turner/ Caleb Johnson's MayflowerHistory.com profile of John Turner] He may have had other sons, but the name is simply too common to make any serious attempt at documenting his family.</ref>
−
| ''Myles''
+
| ''John''*, <small>''son''</small>*, <small>''son''</small>*
−
| {{ya}}
+
| {{na}}
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438 ''I-L38'']
+
−
|-
+
−
! scope="row"| Tilley
+
−
| ''John'', ''Edward'', <small>''Elizabeth''</small>
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
−
|-
+
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | all died during the first sickness
−
! scope="row"| [[Warren (Y-DNA)|Warren]]
+
−
| ''Richard''
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b ''R1b-M269'']
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| [[White (Y-DNA)|White]]
 
! scope="row"| [[White (Y-DNA)|White]]
−
| ''William'', <small>''Resolved''</small>, <small>''Peregrine''</small>
+
| ''William''*, <small>''Resolved''</small>, <small>''Peregrine''</small>
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}  
 
| {{ya}}  
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b R1b-U106] <br><small>U106</small>
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269 <small>R-M269>L21>DF13>Z39589>DF49>>M222>Z2959>S658>DF104>DF105>ZS8379>FTC28001</small>]
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| [[Thomas Williams (Y-DNA) |Williams]]
 +
| ''Thomas''
 +
| {{na}} <!--no known marriage-->
 +
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| [[Winslow (Y-DNA)|Winslow]]
 
! scope="row"| [[Winslow (Y-DNA)|Winslow]]
Line 197: Line 154:
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{na}}<ref>last surviving male Line was Edward Gay Winslow (Isaac, John, Dr. Isaac, Gen. John, Hon. Isaac, Gov. Josiah, Gov. Edward). Edward Gay Winslow never married and died at Hingham, MA on 30 Oct 1906. Y-DNA of the Winslow family does still survive via descendants of his brothers.</ref>
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253 <small>I1-M253>DF29>Z58>Z59>CTS8647>Z61>S9939>S23468>S20652>S11023>BY34545>BY34542>BY71464</small>]
−
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253 I-M253]<br><small>M253>DF29>Z58>Z59>CTS8647/Z62>S11023>BY34545>BY34542</small>
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Fisher
+
|}
−
| ''Elizabeth''
+
 
−
| {{na}}
+
 
−
| {{ya}}
+
<big>'''London'''</big><ref>Most, if not all, were recruited by Thomas Weston on behalf of the Adventurers.</ref>
−
! text-align="center;" | n/a
+
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Hurst
+
! scope="col"| Surname
−
| ''Joan''
+
! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Given name(s) aboard ''Mayflower''
−
| {{na}}
+
! scope="col" style="width:8em;" | Living descendants<ref>according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society</ref>
−
| {{ya}}
+
! scope="col" style="width:4em;" | Living ''patrilineal'' descendants <!-- this refers to direct descendants for the individual(s) from the Mayflower; if 'no', there is still a possibility for indirect relatives to have the same Y-DNA lineage -->
−
! text-align="center;" | n/a
+
! scope="col" style="width:em;" | Y-DNA haplogroup
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Norris
+
! scope="row"| [[Billington (Y-DNA)|Billington]]
−
| ''Mary''
+
| ''John'', <small>''John''</small>, <small>''Francis''</small>
−
| {{na}}
+
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
! text-align="center;" | n/a
 
−
|-
 
−
! scope="row"| Allerton
 
−
| ''John''
 
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{na}} <!--not much known about him-->
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269 <small>R-M269>>U106>>Z381>>L48>>Z8>>Z12>Z8175>CTS10742>BY14508>BY145737>FTA18300</small>]
−
| {{na}}
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Britteridge
 
! scope="row"| Britteridge
−
| ''Richard''
+
| ''Richard''*
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Butten
+
! scope="row"| [[Brown(e) (Y-DNA)|Brown(e)]]
−
| ''William''
+
| ''Peter''
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
−
| {{na}}
+
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Carter
+
! scope="row"| Clarke
−
| ''Robert''
+
| ''Richard''*
−
| {{ya}}
+
−
| {{na}} <!-- seems that not much is known about him, but died as teenager so seems unlikely to have descendants -->
+
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Carver
+
! scope="row"| [[Eaton (Y-DNA)|Eaton]]
−
| ''John''
+
| ''Francis'', <small>''Samuel''</small>
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{na}}
+
| {{ya}}
−
| {{na}}
+
| [https://isogg.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA) <small>R1b-U198>S10591>FGC53179</small>]
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Clark
+
! scope="row"| Gardiner
−
| ''John''
+
| ''Richard''
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Clarke
+
! scope="row"| [[Hopkins (Y-DNA)|Hopkins]]
−
| ''Richard''
+
| ''Stephen'', <small>''Giles''</small>, <small>''Oceanus''</small>
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{na}}
 
−
| {{na}}
 
−
|-
 
−
! scope="row"| Coppin
 
−
| ''Robert''
 
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
|
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269 <small>R-M269>>U106>>Z381>>L48>Z9>Z331>>FGC12346>FGC49706>A10233>BY3322>A10236>FGC49708>FGC52137>FGC52139>FGC52155>FGC52156>FGC71620>FGC71615</small>]
−
|
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Crackston
+
! scope="row"| Margesson
−
| ''John'', <small>''John''</small>
+
| ''Edmund''*
−
| {{ya}}
+
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | <small>likely never married</small>
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| [[Christopher Martin (Y-DNA) |Martin]]
 +
| ''Christopher''*
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Ely
+
! scope="row"| [[Mullins (Y-DNA)|Mullins]]
−
| ''(unknown)''<!--John or Christopher?-->
+
| ''William''*, <small>''Joseph''</small>*
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{na}} <!--not much known about him-->
 
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| English
+
! scope="row"| Rigsdale
−
| ''Thomas''
+
| ''John''*
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Gardiner
+
! scope="row"| [[Warren (Y-DNA)|Warren]]
 
| ''Richard''
 
| ''Richard''
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
! scope="row"| Goodman
 
−
| ''John''
 
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
|
+
| ''R1b-M269''
−
|
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Heale
+
|}
−
| ''Giles (Dr.)''
+
 
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
−
|
+
<big>'''Servants'''</big>
−
|
+
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Holbeck
+
! scope="col"| Master
−
| ''William''
+
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Surname
−
| {{ya}}
+
! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Given name(s) aboard ''Mayflower''
−
|
+
! scope="col" style="width:4em;" | Living descendants<ref>according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society</ref>
−
|
+
! scope="col" style="width:4em;" | Living ''patrilineal'' descendants <!-- this refers to direct descendants for the individual(s) from the Mayflower; if 'no', there is still a possibility for indirect relatives to have the same Y-DNA lineage -->
 +
! scope="col" style="width:em;" | Y-DNA haplogroup
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Hooke
+
! scope="row" | <small>Isaac Allerton</small>
−
| ''John''
+
| Hooke
−
| {{ya}}
+
| ''John''*
 
| {{na}} <!-- according to mayflowerhistory did not marry and died at age 12 or 13 -->
 
| {{na}} <!-- according to mayflowerhistory did not marry and died at age 12 or 13 -->
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Jones
+
! scope="row"|<small>Brewster & Winslow</small>
−
| ''Christopher (Capt.)''
+
| [[More (Y-DNA)|More]]
 +
| ''Richard'', ''Jasper''*
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
|
+
| {{na}} <!-- according to Wikipedia, only known living descendants of Richard More come via granddaughter Susanna Dutch -->
−
|
+
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Langmore
+
! scope="row"| <small>John Carver</small>
 +
| [[Howland (Y-DNA)|Howland]]
 
| ''John''
 
| ''John''
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
|
+
| {{ya}}
−
|
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269 <small>R-M269>>U106>>Z381>>L48>Z9>>Z8>Z1>Z344>Z6>A96>S10415>A9701>A9703>A9708</small>]
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Latham
+
! scope="row"|
 +
| Latham
 
| ''William''
 
| ''William''
−
| {{ya}}
 
 
| {{na}} <!--mayflowerhistory reports no children -->
 
| {{na}} <!--mayflowerhistory reports no children -->
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Leaver
+
! scope="row"|
−
| ''"Master"''
+
| Wilder
 +
| ''Roger''*
 +
| {{na}}
 +
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| <small>Samuel Fuller</small>
 +
| Button/Butten
 +
| ''William''*
 +
| {{na}}
 +
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| <small>Stephen Hopkins</small>
 +
| [[Doty (Y-DNA)|Doty]]
 +
| ''Edward''
 +
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
|
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269 <small>R-M269>L21>DF13>ZZ10_1>Z16423>Z255>L159(.2)>Z16429>Z16433>A1248>A1245>A1254>FT78842</small>]
−
|
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Leister
+
! scope="row"|
 +
| Leister
 
| ''Edward''
 
| ''Edward''
−
| {{ya}}
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Margesson
+
! scope="row"| <small>Christopher Martin</small>
−
| ''Edmund''
+
| Langmore
−
| {{ya}}
+
| ''John''*
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Martin
+
! scope="row"|
−
| ''Christopher''
+
| Prowe
−
| {{ya}}
+
| ''Solomon''*
−
| {{na}} <!-- nothing is currently known regarding descendants of his only chlld, Nathaniel -->
+
| {{na}} <!--unmarried and died as teenager-->
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Parker
+
! scope="row"| <small>William Mullins</small>
−
| ''John''
+
| Carter
 +
| ''Robert''*<ref>Died as teenager so no descendants.</ref>
 +
| {{na}}
 +
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"|<small>Edward Tilley</small>
 +
| [[Samson (Y-DNA)|Samson]]
 +
| ''Henry''
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 +
| {{ya}}
 +
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438 <small>I2a2a I-M223>P222>CTS616>CTS10057>Z161>FGC3575>S2452>L801>Z165>CTS1977>Y4946>Y8935>Y12052>FTB708>FTB4532</small>]
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" |<small>William White</small>
 +
| Holbeck
 +
| ''William''*
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Prower
+
! scope="row"|
−
| ''Solomon''
+
| Thompson
−
| {{ya}}
+
| ''Edward''*
−
| {{na}} <!--unmarried and died as teenager-->
+
| {{na}} <!--died after arrival in Plymouth and no links in England have been established-->
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Rigsdale
+
! scope="row"|<small>Edward Winslow</small>
−
| ''John''
+
| [[Soule (Y-DNA)|Soule]]
 +
| ''George''
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
|
+
| {{ya}}
−
|
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253 <small>I-DF29>Z58>Z59>>Z61>Z60>Z140>Z141>Z2535>YSC0000261>L338>S12289>A20032</small>]
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Story
+
! scope="row"|
 +
| Story
 
| ''Elias''
 
| ''Elias''
−
| {{ya}}
 
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Thompson
+
|}
−
| ''Edward''
+
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<big>'''Hired Men'''</big>
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Surname
 +
! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Given name(s) aboard ''Mayflower''
 +
! scope="col" style="width:4em;" | Living descendants<ref>according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society</ref>
 +
! scope="col" style="width:4em;" | Living ''patrilineal'' descendants <!-- this refers to direct descendants for the individual(s) from the Mayflower; if 'no', there is still a possibility for indirect relatives to have the same Y-DNA lineage -->
 +
! scope="col" style="width:em;" | Y-DNA haplogroup
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| [[Alden (Y-DNA)|Alden]]
 +
| ''John''
 +
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{na}} <!--died after arrival in Plymouth and no links in England have been established-->
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_RM269 R-P312>>U152>L2>DF103>FGC8158>FT21550>Y48952>FTC62332]
−
| {{na}}
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Tinker
+
! scope="row"| Allerton
−
| ''Thomas'', <small>''son''</small>
+
| ''John''*
−
| {{ya}}
+
| {{na}} <!--not much known about him-->
−
| {{na}}
+
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 +
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Trevore
+
! scope="row"| English
−
| ''William''
+
| ''Thomas''*<ref>There is a possibility Thomas was married (likely in Leiden) and left a family. Some claim Thomas was the father of Clement English of Salem, MA. More research is needed.</ref>
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Turner
+
! scope="row"| [[Standish (Y-DNA)|Standish]]
−
| ''John'', <small>''son''</small>, <small>''son''</small>
+
| ''Myles''
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{na}}
 
−
| {{na}}
 
−
|-
 
−
! scope="row"| Wilder
 
−
| ''Roger''
 
 
| {{ya}}
 
| {{ya}}
−
| {{na}}
+
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438 <small> I-M170>P215>CTS2257>L460>P214>S2525>L38>S2606>FGC29656>BY1183>Y18919>S4556>BY14000>FT276288>FT276480</small>]
−
| {{na}}
+
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<big>'''''Mayflower'' Crew'''</big>
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Williams
+
! scope="col"| Surname
−
| ''Thomas''
+
! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Given name(s) aboard ''Mayflower''
−
| {{ya}}
+
! scope="col" style="width:4em;" | Living descendants<ref>according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society</ref>
−
| {{na}} <!--no known marriage-->
+
! scope="col" style="width:4em;" | Living ''patrilineal'' descendants <!-- this refers to direct descendants for the individual(s) from the Mayflower; if 'no', there is still a possibility for indirect relatives to have the same Y-DNA lineage -->  
−
| {{na}}
+
! scope="col" style="width:em;" | Y-DNA haplogroup
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Williamson
+
! scope="row"| Clark
−
| ''Andrew''
+
| ''John''
−
| {{ya}}
+
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Barker
+
! scope="row"| Coppin
−
| ''Elizabeth''
+
| ''Robert''
−
| {{na}}
+
|
−
| <!-- I don't immediately see what became of her daughter, Margaret Winslow; seems likely that there are no known descendants, but I haven't yet found a source that explicitly states this -->
+
−
! text-align="center;" | n/a
+
−
|-
+
−
! scope="row"| Minter
+
−
| ''Desire''
+
−
| {{na}}
+
 
|
 
|
−
! text-align="center;" | n/a
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| May
+
! scope="row"| Ely
−
| ''Dorothy''
+
| ''(unknown)''<!--John or Christopher?-->
 +
| {{na}} <!--not much known about him-->
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
−
| {{na}}
+
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |
−
! text-align="center;" | n/a
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| May
+
! scope="row"| [[Heale (Y-DNA) |Heale]]
−
| ''Dorothy''
+
| ''Giles (Dr.)''
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
 
| {{na}}
−
! text-align="center;" | n/a
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Jackson
+
! scope="row"| [[Christopher Jones |Jones
−
| ''Susanna''
+
| ''Christopher (Capt.)]]''
−
| {{na}}
+
|
−
| {{na}}
+
|
−
! text-align="center;" | n/a
+
|-
 +
! scope="row"| Leaver
 +
| ''"Master"''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| Parker
 +
| ''John''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| Trevor
 +
| ''William''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| Williamson
 +
| ''Andrew''
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Cooper
 
−
| ''Ann/Agnes'', ''Humility''
 
−
| {{na}}
 
−
| {{na}}
 
−
! text-align="center;" | n/a
 
 
|}
 
|}
 
<references />
 
<references />
  
−
Passengers with unknown or uncertain surname include:
+
[[Y-DNA SNP summary]]
−
* Alice, wife of William Mullins
+
−
* Alice<!--(possibly Gallard)-->, wife of John Rigsdale
+
−
* Elinor, wife of John Billington
+
−
* Mary, wife of William Brewster
+
−
* Mary, wife of Edward Prower and Christopher Martin
+
−
* Rose<!-- (possibly Handley)-->, wife of Myles Standish
+
−
* Sarah, wife of Francis Eaton
+
−
* Dorothy, servant of John Carver
+
−
* wife of James Chilton
+
−
* wife of Edward Fuller
+
−
* wife of Thomas Tinker<!--, possibly Jane White-->
+
−
* various members of the ship's crew
+
−
 
+
−
==Paternal lineages of affiliated families==
+
−
Families directly affiliated with ''Mayflower'' passengers (''e.g.'' through marriage of children) with Y-DNA testing include:
+
−
 
+
−
John Gorham (married Desire Howland, daughter of John Howland & Elizabeth Tilley. [[Gorham (Y-DNA)|Gorham]]
+
−
 
+
−
*''(more to be added)''
+
  
 
==External links and references==
 
==External links and references==
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mayflower_passengers List of ''Mayflower'' passengers from Wikipedia]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mayflower_passengers List of ''Mayflower'' passengers from Wikipedia]
 
* [http://mayflowerhistory.com/mayflower-passenger-list/ Mayflower passenger list from Caleb Johnson's MayflowerHistory.com]
 
* [http://mayflowerhistory.com/mayflower-passenger-list/ Mayflower passenger list from Caleb Johnson's MayflowerHistory.com]
−
* [https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mayflowersociety?iframe=ycolorized] General Society of Mayflower Descendants (GSMD) sponsored Mayflower DNA Y-DNA results
+
* [https://themayflowersociety.org/genealogy/explore-your-roots/silver-books-project/guide-to-the-silver-books/ Guide to the Silver Books] and [https://www.facebook.com/groups/537404344187696 Facebook Group]
 +
* [https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mayflowersociety?iframe=ycolorized Mayflower DNA Project, sponsored by the General Society of Mayflower Descendants (GSMD)]
 
* [https://fullgenomes.com Full Genomes Corp.] A DNA testing company offering a variety of DNA tests
 
* [https://fullgenomes.com Full Genomes Corp.] A DNA testing company offering a variety of DNA tests
 
* [https://familytreedna.com Family Tree DNA] A DNA testing company offering a variety of DNA tests
 
* [https://familytreedna.com Family Tree DNA] A DNA testing company offering a variety of DNA tests
 
* [https://yseq.net YSEQ DNA Origins Project] A DNA testing company offering a variety of DNA tests
 
* [https://yseq.net YSEQ DNA Origins Project] A DNA testing company offering a variety of DNA tests
 +
* [https://www.yseq.net/group_alleles.php?gid=732 YSEQ Mayflower Group] Group for Y-DNA and mtDNA descendants of Mayflower Passengers and Allied Families
 +
* [https://www.nevgen.org/ Nevgen Y-DNA Haplogroup Predictor] Predicts SNP Haplogroup based on STR markers. best if 67 or 111 STRs available
 +
* [https://pilgrimhall.org/ Pilgrim Hall Museum]
 +
* [https://wiki.geni.com/index.php/Mayflower_Passengers#Mayflower_Family_Lineage_Reports Geni.com Mayflower Passengers]
 +
 +
 +
© 2015-2024 ''mayflowerdna.org'' All Rights Reserved

Latest revision as of 13:31, 12 March 2024

Status summary

As of October 26, 2022:

  • Y-DNA Profiles created for all male Mayflower passengers who are known to have living Y-DNA descendants
  • Y-DNA Profiles created for all of the sons in-laws and many of the grandsons in-law of Mayflower Passengers who are known to have living Y-DNA descendants

Important Note

Read me First

While autosomal DNA tests (such as 23andMe and AncestryDNA) do test for a number of Y-SNPs (with 23andMe reporting Y-DNA and mtDNA Haplogroups) their chip-based testing only documents a limited number of SNPs and can give inaccurate information.

Male Mayflower passengers and crew

Surnames of Mayflower passengers and crew, with links to corresponding Y-DNA results pages, are listed below. Names with an asterisk * died during the first winter during what is called "the general sickness".

Leiden Congregation

Surname Given name(s) aboard Mayflower Living descendants[1] Living patrilineal descendants Y-DNA haplogroup[2]
Allerton Isaac, Bartholomew Yes
[3]
Bradford William Yes Yes I1-M253>DF29>Z63>BY151>BY351>BY3407>CTS2910>Y10994>Y21374>Y21371>Y21370>Y21372>FGC72882
Brewster William, Love, Wrestling Yes Yes I1-M253>Z17954>FGC47136>S2304>Z17942>Z17928>Z17926>Z17924>A9783>A19407>FT1754
Carver John No No
Chilton James* Yes No
Cooke Francis, John Yes Yes I-M223>CTS616>FGC15071>BY1003>L1229>Z2069>Z2068>Z2054>Y4746>FGC15109>FGC15105>BY18>Y4761>Y4760>FGC57449>FGC57463>FGC57458>FGC57472
Crackston(e) John*, John [4] No
Fletcher Moses* Yes No
Fuller Edward*, Samuel Yes Yes R-M269>>U106>>S12025>FGC12021>S17339>FGC53777>S25007>FGC31905>FGC53757>BZ3170>Y85916
Fuller Samuel Yes Yes R-M269>>U106>>S12025>FGC12021>S17339>FGC53777>S25007>FGC31905>FGC53757>BZ3170>Y85916>FTB68669
Goodman John
Priest Degory* Yes No
Rogers Thomas*, Joseph Yes Yes R-M269>L21>DF13>ZZ10_1>Z253>FGC3268>ZZ6_1>BY43439>BY4303>FGC59516>FGC59535>FGC59523
Tilley John*, Edward* Yes No
Tinker Thomas*, son* No No all died during the first sickness
Turner[5] John*, son*, son* No No all died during the first sickness
White William*, Resolved, Peregrine Yes Yes R-M269>L21>DF13>Z39589>DF49>>M222>Z2959>S658>DF104>DF105>ZS8379>FTC28001
Williams Thomas No No
Winslow Edward, Gilbert Yes Yes I1-M253>DF29>Z58>Z59>CTS8647>Z61>S9939>S23468>S20652>S11023>BY34545>BY34542>BY71464


London[6]

Surname Given name(s) aboard Mayflower Living descendants[7] Living patrilineal descendants Y-DNA haplogroup
Billington John, John, Francis Yes Yes R-M269>>U106>>Z381>>L48>>Z8>>Z12>Z8175>CTS10742>BY14508>BY145737>FTA18300
Britteridge Richard* No No
Brown(e) Peter Yes No
Clarke Richard* No No
Eaton Francis, Samuel Yes Yes R1b-U198>S10591>FGC53179
Gardiner Richard
Hopkins Stephen, Giles, Oceanus Yes Yes R-M269>>U106>>Z381>>L48>Z9>Z331>>FGC12346>FGC49706>A10233>BY3322>A10236>FGC49708>FGC52137>FGC52139>FGC52155>FGC52156>FGC71620>FGC71615
Margesson Edmund* likely never married
Martin Christopher* No No
Mullins William*, Joseph* Yes No
Rigsdale John*
Warren Richard Yes Yes R1b-M269


Servants

Master Surname Given name(s) aboard Mayflower Living descendants[8] Living patrilineal descendants Y-DNA haplogroup
Isaac Allerton Hooke John* No No
Brewster & Winslow More Richard, Jasper* Yes No
John Carver Howland John Yes Yes R-M269>>U106>>Z381>>L48>Z9>>Z8>Z1>Z344>Z6>A96>S10415>A9701>A9703>A9708
Latham William No No
Wilder Roger* No No
Samuel Fuller Button/Butten William* No No
Stephen Hopkins Doty Edward Yes Yes R-M269>L21>DF13>ZZ10_1>Z16423>Z255>L159(.2)>Z16429>Z16433>A1248>A1245>A1254>FT78842
Leister Edward
Christopher Martin Langmore John*
Prowe Solomon* No No
William Mullins Carter Robert*[9] No No
Edward Tilley Samson Henry Yes Yes I2a2a I-M223>P222>CTS616>CTS10057>Z161>FGC3575>S2452>L801>Z165>CTS1977>Y4946>Y8935>Y12052>FTB708>FTB4532
William White Holbeck William*
Thompson Edward* No No
Edward Winslow Soule George Yes Yes I-DF29>Z58>Z59>>Z61>Z60>Z140>Z141>Z2535>YSC0000261>L338>S12289>A20032
Story Elias No No


Hired Men

Surname Given name(s) aboard Mayflower Living descendants[10] Living patrilineal descendants Y-DNA haplogroup
Alden John Yes Yes R-P312>>U152>L2>DF103>FGC8158>FT21550>Y48952>FTC62332
Allerton John* No No
English Thomas*[11]
Standish Myles Yes Yes I-M170>P215>CTS2257>L460>P214>S2525>L38>S2606>FGC29656>BY1183>Y18919>S4556>BY14000>FT276288>FT276480


Mayflower Crew

Surname Given name(s) aboard Mayflower Living descendants[12] Living patrilineal descendants Y-DNA haplogroup
Clark John
Coppin Robert
Ely (unknown) No No
Heale Giles (Dr.) No No
Jones Christopher (Capt.)
Leaver "Master"
Parker John
Trevor William
Williamson Andrew
  1. ↑ according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society
  2. ↑ Most SNP results may still be further refined as more Y-DNA descendants of Mayflower Passengers obtain Next Generation Sequence (NGS)/Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) tests. Italics indicate the haplogroup is merely predicted based soley on STR testing and may not be precise. In some of these cases, the result could be inaccurate due to inadvertent errors in lineage tracing. See surname sub-pages for further details and references.
  3. ↑ Son Bartholomew returned to England where he married and had children. Whether he has any living Y-DNA descendants is unknown. Son Isaac is believed to only have had one son (Isaac) who died without issue.
  4. ↑ Mayflower Increasings:42 (from MD 40:117 and Stratton:274) states he had a daughter Anna (of Colchester, England) filed marriage banns with Thomas Smith of Bury England at Leiden on 12/22 Dec 1618. It is possible they may have descendants living today.
  5. ↑ See Caleb Johnson's MayflowerHistory.com profile of John Turner He may have had other sons, but the name is simply too common to make any serious attempt at documenting his family.
  6. ↑ Most, if not all, were recruited by Thomas Weston on behalf of the Adventurers.
  7. ↑ according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society
  8. ↑ according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society
  9. ↑ Died as teenager so no descendants.
  10. ↑ according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society
  11. ↑ There is a possibility Thomas was married (likely in Leiden) and left a family. Some claim Thomas was the father of Clement English of Salem, MA. More research is needed.
  12. ↑ according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society

Y-DNA SNP summary

External links and references


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