Difference between revisions of "Dickinson (Y-DNA)"

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==Status summary==
 
==Status summary==
 
As of April 9, 2020
 
As of April 9, 2020
* Dickinson Y-DNA
+
* recruitment of patrilineal (all male-line) descendants of (Capt.) John Dickinson for NGS/WGS testing. Any male who believes they are such a descendant should [[Read me First|<big>'''Read me First'''</big>]]
* recruitment of individuals who are Y-DNA descendants of (Capt.) John Dickinson. Folks who are Y-DNA descendants are encouraged to contact Raymond T. Wing (email: wing.genealogist AT gmail DOT com)
+
  
==Background==
+
<big>'''IMPORTANT: [[Read me First|Read me First'''</big>]]
===Biography===<ref>Bio Source: www.findagrave.com/memorial/69535401 by Douglas Custard</ref>
+
  
John Dickarson/Dickenson/Dickinson "of Barnstable," who was probably born in England around 1622, but whose parentage has not been ascertained. John married first, perhaps in Boston, Mass., a wife named Frances<ref>NOT Francis Foote</ref>, by whom he had one son, John, born 28th 5th mo. 1648, who was not a descendant of John Howland of the MAYFLOWER. John married Elizabeth Howland in Plymouth, Plymouth Co., Mass. on 10 July 1651. Capt. John Dickinson died in Oyster Bay before 12 March 1683, the date his will was proved.
+
==Biography==
John and Elizabeth Dickinson lived in Barnstable, on Cape Cod, during the first few years of their marriage and their first few children must have been born there. In 1651, Capt. John Dickinson bought a plot of land Barnstable which contained eight acres near where the courthouse now stands.
+
===First Generation===
By May 1658, John and his family were living in Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York. In February 1659 John Dickinson bought land from John Hinksman. John paid for it in part with cloth and liquor, indicating he was a merchant and trader. On 15 February 1660, the town granted John Dickinson a house and lot at the south end of Oyster Bay, with a first share of meadow land. The next year, 1 February 1661, he was granted additional land, 10 rods deep, at the end of his property. Many other grants followed. On 12 January 1665/6, John Dickinson of Oyster bay bought five acres of land from John Finch "of Fairfield on ye Main, formerly an inhabiter" of Oyster Bay.
+
[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Dickenson-36 John Dickarson/Dickenson/Dickinson]<ref>Bio Source: www.findagrave.com/memorial/69535401 by Douglas Custard (permission granted)</ref> "of Barnstable," who was probably born in England around 1622, but whose parentage has not been ascertained. John '''possibly''' married first<ref>There is not adequate genealogical proof of this supposed first marriage.</ref>, perhaps in Boston, Mass., a wife named Frances<ref>NOT Francis Foote</ref>, by whom he had one son, John<ref>This son John was '''not''' named in his father's will. If he was, in fact, a son of John Dickinson of Barnstable, then it is likely he died before his father, and probably without any children</ref>, born 28th 5th mo. 1648, who was not a descendant of [[Howland (Y-DNA) |John Howland]] of the ''Mayflower''. John married [[Joan Hurst & Elizabeth Tilley (mtDNA)#mtDNA Descendants |Elizabeth Howland]] in Plymouth, Plymouth Colony on 10 July 1651. Capt. John Dickinson died in Oyster Bay before 12 March 1683, the date his will was proved.
 +
John and Elizabeth Dickinson lived in Barnstable, on Cape Cod, during the first few years of their marriage and their first few children must have been born there. In 1651, Capt. John Dickinson bought a plot of land in Barnstable which contained eight acres near where the courthouse now stands.
 +
By May 1658, John and his family were living in Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York. In February 1659 John Dickinson bought land from John Hinksman. John paid for it in part with cloth and liquor, indicating he was a merchant and trader. On 15 February 1660, the town granted John Dickinson a house and lot at the south end of Oyster Bay, with a first share of meadow land. The next year, 1 February 1661, he was granted additional land, 10 rods deep, at the end of his property. Many other grants followed. On 12 January 1665/6, John Dickinson of Oyster Bay bought five acres of land from John Finch "of Fairfield on ye Main, formerly an inhabiter" of Oyster Bay.
 
In 1671 John Dickinson was appointed by the town to obtain a letter from the Rev. William Leverich, who had since moved to Huntington, Long Island, then to Connecticut, and then back to Newton, Long Island. He was asked to discuss the subject of the rights of the Town of Oyster Bay with the Town of Hempstead. The same year John sold his rights in Hog Island, across from the Town of Oyster Bay, to Capt. Richard Morris. John Dickinson and Richard Harcut were chosen as overseers in 1676.
 
In 1671 John Dickinson was appointed by the town to obtain a letter from the Rev. William Leverich, who had since moved to Huntington, Long Island, then to Connecticut, and then back to Newton, Long Island. He was asked to discuss the subject of the rights of the Town of Oyster Bay with the Town of Hempstead. The same year John sold his rights in Hog Island, across from the Town of Oyster Bay, to Capt. Richard Morris. John Dickinson and Richard Harcut were chosen as overseers in 1676.
 
Capt. John Dickinson died about eight years before his wife, Elizabeth. In his will dated 26 January 1680, proved 12 March 1683, John gave his son, Joseph Dickinson, the land and meadow previously settled on him. He gave five shillings each to two of his daughters, Elizabeth and Mercy, who had already received their portions, indicating that they were both married but he did not mention their married names. His widow, Elizabeth, was given the right to divide the rest of the estate among his six youngest children, named as Lydia, Mehetable, Samuel, Hannah, James and Jabez, making special provision for Jabez, who was incapable of caring for himself. Overseers were John Underhill, Sr., John Feakes, Sr., and his own son, Joseph Dickinson. The witnesses were Thomas Townsend and Thomas Weekes.
 
Capt. John Dickinson died about eight years before his wife, Elizabeth. In his will dated 26 January 1680, proved 12 March 1683, John gave his son, Joseph Dickinson, the land and meadow previously settled on him. He gave five shillings each to two of his daughters, Elizabeth and Mercy, who had already received their portions, indicating that they were both married but he did not mention their married names. His widow, Elizabeth, was given the right to divide the rest of the estate among his six youngest children, named as Lydia, Mehetable, Samuel, Hannah, James and Jabez, making special provision for Jabez, who was incapable of caring for himself. Overseers were John Underhill, Sr., John Feakes, Sr., and his own son, Joseph Dickinson. The witnesses were Thomas Townsend and Thomas Weekes.
Children of Capt. John Dickinson and Elizabeth Howland, first three probably born in Barnstable, Plymouth Colony, Mass., last six born in Oyster Bay. Long Island, New York.
+
 
 +
Capt. John Dickinson and Elizabeth Howland had nine children:  [[Allied Families (Y-DNA)#HOWLAND |Elizabeth]], Joseph, [[Allied Families (Y-DNA)#HOWLAND |Mercy]], Jabez, [[Allied Families (Y-DNA)#HOWLAND |Lydia]], Capt. Samuel, [[Allied Families (Y-DNA)#HOWLAND |Mehitable]], [[Allied Families (Y-DNA)#HOWLAND |Hannah]] & James.
 +
 
 +
===Second Generation===
 +
[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Dickenson-917 Joseph Dickinson] was the second child, and oldest son of John & Elizabeth. He was born at Barnstable on 24 Dec 1654. He married abt 1675 at Oyster Bay, Long Island to Rose Townsend and they had four children: Joseph (c1676), Hannah (c1678), Zebulon (c1680) and Henry (c1682 m. Phebe Weeks but no ch.)
 +
 
 +
[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Dickinson-719 Jabez Dickinson] was the fourth child, and second son of John & Elizabeth. He was their first child to be born at Oyster Bay, Long Island on 29 Sep 1660. He apparently never married as his mother's will left Jabez the homestead during his lifetime, but stipulated that when Jabez died the house was to go to his brother Joseph.
 +
 
 +
[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Dickinson-1217 Capt. Samuel Dickinson] was the sixth child and third son of John & Elizabeth. He was born at Oyster Bay on 26 Mar 1665. His wife's name was Lydia and they had four children: John (c1687), Freelove (b1693), Hannah (b1695) and Phebe (b1697).
 +
 
 +
[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Dickinson-1220 James Dickinson] was the youngest child of John & Elizabeth, born at Oyster Bay on 27 Jul 1675. He married Sarah Underhill and had at least three children:<ref>Some sources state they also had a daughter, Hannah.</ref> James (c1702), Amos (c1704) and John (c1708).
 +
 
 +
===Third Generation===
 +
[https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/74451455/person/332183098356/facts Joseph Dickinson (II)] was born Oyster Bay abt 1676. He married Hannah ____ and they had ''at least'' three children:<ref>Some sources give additional children: Zebediah (p1700), John, Anna, James (1707) Elizabeth (d.y.), Sophia (1710), Gabriel (c1712), Arnell (1721), Rosamond (1724) and Samuel.</ref> Zebulon (1711), Joseph (c1713) and Robert (c1715).
 +
 
 +
[https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/74451455/person/332183098158/facts Zebulon Dickinson] was born Oyster Bay abt 1681 and died there between 27 Sep 1751 (will) and 3 Dec 1751 (proved). He married three times: First Oyster Bay 1701 Mary Frost (no ch.), then aft 1720 Rosanna Townsend and finally Flushing 10 Sep 1747 Mary Doughty (no children). By his second wife he had ''at least'' two children:<ref>Some sources also give: Zebulon and Silvanus.</ref> Townsend (1732) and Henry (1735).
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/74451455/person/332183095871/facts John Dickinson] was born Oyster Bay between 1685-1692 and died Dutchess (now Putnam) Co., NY after 14 Apr 1748. He married twice: First abt 1714 Freelove COLES Wright (died soon after marriage, no children) then bef 1727 Sarah McCoune. By his second wife he had ''at least'' two children:<ref>Some sources also give a son Charles (who has surviving patrilineal descendants) as well as David and Hezekiah, both bp. 1760 and their father was then deceased.</ref> John (1727-b1748 likely never married) and Sarah.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/74451455/person/332183096794/facts James Dickinson (II)] was born Oyster Bay about 1702 and died Fredericksburgh, NY bet. 23 Apr 1774 - 13 Apr 1775. He married Oyster Bay bef 1732 Sarah Underhill and they had ''at least'' four children: <ref>Some sources also give John (c1737) and Hannah (c1740).</ref> Samuel (c1735), James (c1737), Tertellus (c1743) and Gilbert (c1752).
 +
 
 +
[https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/74451455/person/332183096689/facts Amos Dickinson] was born Oyster Bay abt 1704 and died Woodstock, New Brunswick aft 7 Feb 1793. He married a woman whose maiden name '''may''' have been Arden and they had ''at least'' three children:<ref>Some sources also give Millicent (c1750): Amos (c1737), Tertellus (c1745) and Peter (c1750).</ref>
 +
 
 +
[https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/74451455/person/332222529975/facts John Dickinson] was born Oyster Bay abt 1708 and died Fredericksburgh (now Carmel), NY bet. 9 Jan 1782 - 24 Mar 1795. He married abt 1732 Lornhanna ____ and they had ''at least'': Susannah (1733).
 +
 
 +
<references />
 +
 
 +
==DNA Results '''BY18871'''==
 +
===NGS/WGS testing===
 +
The [https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/dickason-dna/about Dickason,-er, -in, -en son, etc. surname DNA Project] (Group A) contain a number of individuals, most claiming patrilineal (all male-line) descent from Capt. John Dickinson.
 +
This includes descendants of two different sons of John & Elizabeth Dickinson (James and Joseph), who have matching Y-DNA, thus proving both lines of descent from the same individual (presumably Capt. John). Some of these descendants have taken FTDNA's Big Y test and their results indicate where they fall under: U106 >>Z18>FGC79182>Z17>BY18864>FT91392>BY18866<ref>Originally the descendants fell under this haplogroup. Later, some individuals were found to be positive fro BY18866 but negative for BY18871. These individuals do '''not''' descend from John Dickinson, but descend from a patrilineal ancestor of John.</ref>>BY18871.
 +
 
 +
The project has started to identify subclades below BY18871 which correspond with different lines of descent. These includes FT16969 (falling somewhere under elder son James) and FT108877 (falling somewhere under younger son Joseph).
 +
 
 +
Individuals who are Y-DNA descendants of John Dickinson are invited to take a Y-DNA test and join the [https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/dickason-dna/about Dickason,-er, -in, -en son, etc. surname DNA Project]
 +
 
 +
===Lineage of some of the DNA testers===
 +
Several of the individuals tested are unable to trace their Y-DNA ancestry back to John Dickinson & Elizabeth Howland. However, their Y-DNA test results clearly indicate where they are related to this family in a "genealogically significant" timeframe. It is likely these individuals do descend from John & Elizabeth, but it is possible they may descend from a prior marriage of John (which has never been confirmed) or descend from a brother or close cousin to John.
 +
 
 +
  John Dickinson (1622-1683)
 +
    Joseph Dickinson (1654-1721)
 +
      Zebulon Dickinson (1680-1751)
 +
        Townsend Dickinson (1732-1793)
 +
          Amos Dickinson (1760-1838)
 +
            Samuel Burling Dickinson (1804-1881)
 +
              Samuel Abel Dickinson (1856-1935)
 +
                Finley Earl Dickinson (1901-1987)
 +
                  father
 +
                    Tester
 +
    James Dickinson (1675-    )
 +
      Amos Dickinson (1704-    )
 +
        Amos Dickinson (II) (1735-    )
 +
          Darius Dickinson (1764-    )
 +
            Peter Dickinson (1788-1839)
 +
              Matthew Phillip Dickinson (1812-    )
 +
                Stephen Lorenzo Dickinson (1848-    )
 +
                  Frank Leroy Dickinson (1894-    )
 +
                    father
 +
                      Tester
 +
        Tertullus Dickinson (1745-1824)
 +
          Reuben Chase Dickinson (1791-    )
 +
            Obediah Dickinson (1823-    )
 +
              Isaac A. Dickinson (1843-    )
 +
                Miles Kenneth (1873-    )
 +
                  father
 +
                    two Testers (brothers)
 +
 
 +
<references />
 +
 
 +
==References and External Links==
 +
* White, Elizabeth P., ''John Howland of the Mayflower. The First Five Generations Documented Descendants Through his Fourth Child, Elizabeth Howland, Wife of Ephraim Hicks and Capt. Thomas Dickinson,'' Picton Press, Rockport, ME 1990, 2008
 +
* Dickinson, Marguerite S., ''Descendants of Captain John and Elizabeth Howland Dickinson of Oyster Bay, Long Island,'' privately published, ?Millersburg, OH ?1968 (NOTE:  This volume errs in the identity and parentage of Capt. John Dickinson)
 +
* [http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~fesschequy/genealogy/Dickenson.html RootsWeb.com online Dickenson Genealogy]
 +
* [https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/dickason-dna/about Dickason,-er, -in, -en son, etc. surname DNA Project]
 +
* [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/69535401 Find-a-grave memorial for John Dickinson]
 +
* [http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~fesschequy/genealogy/Dickenson.html The Dickenson Genealogy]

Latest revision as of 12:24, 24 March 2024

Status summary

As of April 9, 2020

  • recruitment of patrilineal (all male-line) descendants of (Capt.) John Dickinson for NGS/WGS testing. Any male who believes they are such a descendant should Read me First

IMPORTANT: Read me First

Biography

First Generation

John Dickarson/Dickenson/Dickinson[1] "of Barnstable," who was probably born in England around 1622, but whose parentage has not been ascertained. John possibly married first[2], perhaps in Boston, Mass., a wife named Frances[3], by whom he had one son, John[4], born 28th 5th mo. 1648, who was not a descendant of John Howland of the Mayflower. John married Elizabeth Howland in Plymouth, Plymouth Colony on 10 July 1651. Capt. John Dickinson died in Oyster Bay before 12 March 1683, the date his will was proved. John and Elizabeth Dickinson lived in Barnstable, on Cape Cod, during the first few years of their marriage and their first few children must have been born there. In 1651, Capt. John Dickinson bought a plot of land in Barnstable which contained eight acres near where the courthouse now stands. By May 1658, John and his family were living in Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York. In February 1659 John Dickinson bought land from John Hinksman. John paid for it in part with cloth and liquor, indicating he was a merchant and trader. On 15 February 1660, the town granted John Dickinson a house and lot at the south end of Oyster Bay, with a first share of meadow land. The next year, 1 February 1661, he was granted additional land, 10 rods deep, at the end of his property. Many other grants followed. On 12 January 1665/6, John Dickinson of Oyster Bay bought five acres of land from John Finch "of Fairfield on ye Main, formerly an inhabiter" of Oyster Bay. In 1671 John Dickinson was appointed by the town to obtain a letter from the Rev. William Leverich, who had since moved to Huntington, Long Island, then to Connecticut, and then back to Newton, Long Island. He was asked to discuss the subject of the rights of the Town of Oyster Bay with the Town of Hempstead. The same year John sold his rights in Hog Island, across from the Town of Oyster Bay, to Capt. Richard Morris. John Dickinson and Richard Harcut were chosen as overseers in 1676. Capt. John Dickinson died about eight years before his wife, Elizabeth. In his will dated 26 January 1680, proved 12 March 1683, John gave his son, Joseph Dickinson, the land and meadow previously settled on him. He gave five shillings each to two of his daughters, Elizabeth and Mercy, who had already received their portions, indicating that they were both married but he did not mention their married names. His widow, Elizabeth, was given the right to divide the rest of the estate among his six youngest children, named as Lydia, Mehetable, Samuel, Hannah, James and Jabez, making special provision for Jabez, who was incapable of caring for himself. Overseers were John Underhill, Sr., John Feakes, Sr., and his own son, Joseph Dickinson. The witnesses were Thomas Townsend and Thomas Weekes.

Capt. John Dickinson and Elizabeth Howland had nine children: Elizabeth, Joseph, Mercy, Jabez, Lydia, Capt. Samuel, Mehitable, Hannah & James.

Second Generation

Joseph Dickinson was the second child, and oldest son of John & Elizabeth. He was born at Barnstable on 24 Dec 1654. He married abt 1675 at Oyster Bay, Long Island to Rose Townsend and they had four children: Joseph (c1676), Hannah (c1678), Zebulon (c1680) and Henry (c1682 m. Phebe Weeks but no ch.)

Jabez Dickinson was the fourth child, and second son of John & Elizabeth. He was their first child to be born at Oyster Bay, Long Island on 29 Sep 1660. He apparently never married as his mother's will left Jabez the homestead during his lifetime, but stipulated that when Jabez died the house was to go to his brother Joseph.

Capt. Samuel Dickinson was the sixth child and third son of John & Elizabeth. He was born at Oyster Bay on 26 Mar 1665. His wife's name was Lydia and they had four children: John (c1687), Freelove (b1693), Hannah (b1695) and Phebe (b1697).

James Dickinson was the youngest child of John & Elizabeth, born at Oyster Bay on 27 Jul 1675. He married Sarah Underhill and had at least three children:[5] James (c1702), Amos (c1704) and John (c1708).

Third Generation

Joseph Dickinson (II) was born Oyster Bay abt 1676. He married Hannah ____ and they had at least three children:[6] Zebulon (1711), Joseph (c1713) and Robert (c1715).

Zebulon Dickinson was born Oyster Bay abt 1681 and died there between 27 Sep 1751 (will) and 3 Dec 1751 (proved). He married three times: First Oyster Bay 1701 Mary Frost (no ch.), then aft 1720 Rosanna Townsend and finally Flushing 10 Sep 1747 Mary Doughty (no children). By his second wife he had at least two children:[7] Townsend (1732) and Henry (1735).


John Dickinson was born Oyster Bay between 1685-1692 and died Dutchess (now Putnam) Co., NY after 14 Apr 1748. He married twice: First abt 1714 Freelove COLES Wright (died soon after marriage, no children) then bef 1727 Sarah McCoune. By his second wife he had at least two children:[8] John (1727-b1748 likely never married) and Sarah.


James Dickinson (II) was born Oyster Bay about 1702 and died Fredericksburgh, NY bet. 23 Apr 1774 - 13 Apr 1775. He married Oyster Bay bef 1732 Sarah Underhill and they had at least four children: [9] Samuel (c1735), James (c1737), Tertellus (c1743) and Gilbert (c1752).

Amos Dickinson was born Oyster Bay abt 1704 and died Woodstock, New Brunswick aft 7 Feb 1793. He married a woman whose maiden name may have been Arden and they had at least three children:[10]

John Dickinson was born Oyster Bay abt 1708 and died Fredericksburgh (now Carmel), NY bet. 9 Jan 1782 - 24 Mar 1795. He married abt 1732 Lornhanna ____ and they had at least: Susannah (1733).

  1. Bio Source: www.findagrave.com/memorial/69535401 by Douglas Custard (permission granted)
  2. There is not adequate genealogical proof of this supposed first marriage.
  3. NOT Francis Foote
  4. This son John was not named in his father's will. If he was, in fact, a son of John Dickinson of Barnstable, then it is likely he died before his father, and probably without any children
  5. Some sources state they also had a daughter, Hannah.
  6. Some sources give additional children: Zebediah (p1700), John, Anna, James (1707) Elizabeth (d.y.), Sophia (1710), Gabriel (c1712), Arnell (1721), Rosamond (1724) and Samuel.
  7. Some sources also give: Zebulon and Silvanus.
  8. Some sources also give a son Charles (who has surviving patrilineal descendants) as well as David and Hezekiah, both bp. 1760 and their father was then deceased.
  9. Some sources also give John (c1737) and Hannah (c1740).
  10. Some sources also give Millicent (c1750): Amos (c1737), Tertellus (c1745) and Peter (c1750).

DNA Results BY18871

NGS/WGS testing

The Dickason,-er, -in, -en son, etc. surname DNA Project (Group A) contain a number of individuals, most claiming patrilineal (all male-line) descent from Capt. John Dickinson. This includes descendants of two different sons of John & Elizabeth Dickinson (James and Joseph), who have matching Y-DNA, thus proving both lines of descent from the same individual (presumably Capt. John). Some of these descendants have taken FTDNA's Big Y test and their results indicate where they fall under: U106 >>Z18>FGC79182>Z17>BY18864>FT91392>BY18866[1]>BY18871.

The project has started to identify subclades below BY18871 which correspond with different lines of descent. These includes FT16969 (falling somewhere under elder son James) and FT108877 (falling somewhere under younger son Joseph).

Individuals who are Y-DNA descendants of John Dickinson are invited to take a Y-DNA test and join the Dickason,-er, -in, -en son, etc. surname DNA Project

Lineage of some of the DNA testers

Several of the individuals tested are unable to trace their Y-DNA ancestry back to John Dickinson & Elizabeth Howland. However, their Y-DNA test results clearly indicate where they are related to this family in a "genealogically significant" timeframe. It is likely these individuals do descend from John & Elizabeth, but it is possible they may descend from a prior marriage of John (which has never been confirmed) or descend from a brother or close cousin to John.

 John Dickinson (1622-1683)
   Joseph Dickinson (1654-1721)
     Zebulon Dickinson (1680-1751)
       Townsend Dickinson (1732-1793)
         Amos Dickinson (1760-1838)
           Samuel Burling Dickinson (1804-1881)
             Samuel Abel Dickinson (1856-1935)
               Finley Earl Dickinson (1901-1987)
                 father
                   Tester
   James Dickinson (1675-    )
     Amos Dickinson (1704-    )
       Amos Dickinson (II) (1735-    )
         Darius Dickinson (1764-    )
           Peter Dickinson (1788-1839)
             Matthew Phillip Dickinson (1812-    )
               Stephen Lorenzo Dickinson (1848-    )
                 Frank Leroy Dickinson (1894-    )
                   father
                     Tester
       Tertullus Dickinson (1745-1824)
         Reuben Chase Dickinson (1791-    )
           Obediah Dickinson (1823-    )
             Isaac A. Dickinson (1843-    )
               Miles Kenneth (1873-    )
                 father
                   two Testers (brothers)
  1. Originally the descendants fell under this haplogroup. Later, some individuals were found to be positive fro BY18866 but negative for BY18871. These individuals do not descend from John Dickinson, but descend from a patrilineal ancestor of John.

References and External Links