Difference between revisions of "MtDNA"
From Mayflower DNA
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==Important Note== | ==Important Note== | ||
+ | [[Read me First|Read me First]] | ||
+ | |||
While autosomal DNA tests (such as 23andMe and AncestryDNA) do test for a number of mtDNA SNPs (with 23andMe reporting Y-DNA and mtDNA Haplogroups) their chip-based testing only documents a limited number of SNPs and can give inaccurate information. | While autosomal DNA tests (such as 23andMe and AncestryDNA) do test for a number of mtDNA SNPs (with 23andMe reporting Y-DNA and mtDNA Haplogroups) their chip-based testing only documents a limited number of SNPs and can give inaccurate information. | ||
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! scope="col" style="width:17em;"| Wife’s name | ! scope="col" style="width:17em;"| Wife’s name | ||
! scope="col" style="width:7em;" | Wife aboard ''Mayflower'' | ! scope="col" style="width:7em;" | Wife aboard ''Mayflower'' | ||
− | ! scope="col" style="width:7em;" | Living descendants | + | ! scope="col" style="width:7em;" | Living descendants |
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" | Living ''matrilineal'' descendants <!-- this refers to direct descendants for the individual(s) from the Mayflower; if 'no', there is still a possibility for indirect relatives to have the same mtDNA lineage --> | ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" | Living ''matrilineal'' descendants <!-- this refers to direct descendants for the individual(s) from the Mayflower; if 'no', there is still a possibility for indirect relatives to have the same mtDNA lineage --> | ||
! scope="col" style="width:20em;" | mtDNA haplogroup<ref>''Italics'' indicate that the haplogroup result is based on previous testing through other projects (usually HVR only) and may not be precise. In some of these cases, the result could be inaccurate due to inadvertent errors in lineage tracing. See surname sub-pages for further details and references.</ref> | ! scope="col" style="width:20em;" | mtDNA haplogroup<ref>''Italics'' indicate that the haplogroup result is based on previous testing through other projects (usually HVR only) and may not be precise. In some of these cases, the result could be inaccurate due to inadvertent errors in lineage tracing. See surname sub-pages for further details and references.</ref> | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/h6a1a9/ H6a1a9] + | + | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/h6a1a9/ H6a1a9] +T204C +G6182A <!--* YFull has NO subclades of H6a1a9 as of 31 Jul 2022--> |
| 5 | | 5 | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 63: | Line 65: | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/w5a2/ W5a2a +G10373A +A15942G] | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/w5a2/ W5a2a +G10373A +A15942G] | ||
+ | | 1 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Cushman (Y-DNA) |''Cushman, Thomas'']] | ! scope="row"| [[Cushman (Y-DNA) |''Cushman, Thomas'']] | ||
Line 70: | Line 73: | ||
| | | | ||
| [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/w5a2/ W5a2a +G10373A +A15942G] | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/w5a2/ W5a2a +G10373A +A15942G] | ||
+ | | 0 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Billington (Y-DNA) |Billington, John]] | ! scope="row"| [[Billington (Y-DNA) |Billington, John]] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Billington (Y-DNA)#Second Generation |Billington, Francis]] | ! scope="row"| [[Billington (Y-DNA)#Second Generation |Billington, Francis]] | ||
− | | [[Christian Penn (mtDNA) | Christian PENN Eaton]] | + | | [[Christian Penn (mtDNA) | Christian PENN Eaton]] |
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
Line 112: | Line 116: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Brown(e) (Y-DNA)|Brown(e), Peter]] | ! scope="row"| [[Brown(e) (Y-DNA)|Brown(e), Peter]] | ||
− | | 1) [[Martha, widow Ford (mtDNA)|Martha (Unknown) Ford]] | + | | 1) [[Martha, widow Ford (mtDNA)|Martha (Unknown) Ford]] |
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
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| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! scope="row"| Brown(e), Peter | + | ! scope="row"| [[Brown(e) (Y-DNA)|Brown(e), Peter]] |
| [[Mary, second wife of Peter Browne (mtDNA) | 2) Mary (Unknown)]] | | [[Mary, second wife of Peter Browne (mtDNA) | 2) Mary (Unknown)]] | ||
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
+ | | {{ya}} | ||
+ | | J1c5b | ||
+ | | 2 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! scope="row"| [[Carver (Y-DNA)| Carver, (Gov.) John]] | ||
+ | | 1) Martha Rose | ||
+ | | {{na}} | ||
+ | ! style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |''only ch. d.y.'' | ||
+ | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
+ | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
+ | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! scope="row"| [[Carver (Y-DNA)| Carver, (Gov.) John]] | ||
+ | | [[Eleanor Smith (mtDNA) | 2) Katherine WHITE Leggatt]] | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | | |
+ | | | ||
+ | | 0 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Chilton (Y-DNA)|Chilton, James]] | ! scope="row"| [[Chilton (Y-DNA)|Chilton, James]] | ||
− | |[[(poss.) Susanna (Unknown) (mtDNA) | ( | + | |[[(poss.) Susanna (Unknown) (mtDNA) | Susanna(?) (Unknown)]] |
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | | [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/T/ T2b90] | + | | [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/T/ T2b90] |
− | | | + | | 3 |
<!-- known descendants appear to be only via two of his daughters; only one son may have survived to adulthood, and it looks like not much is known about him (Wikipedia says only three daughters survived to adulthood); another potentially useful resource is http://www.coltechpub.com/hartgen/htm/chilton.htm --> | <!-- known descendants appear to be only via two of his daughters; only one son may have survived to adulthood, and it looks like not much is known about him (Wikipedia says only three daughters survived to adulthood); another potentially useful resource is http://www.coltechpub.com/hartgen/htm/chilton.htm --> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/T/ T2b90] | | [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/T/ T2b90] | ||
− | | | + | | 3 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Cooke (Y-DNA) |Cooke, Francis]] | ! scope="row"| [[Cooke (Y-DNA) |Cooke, Francis]] | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/j1c2/ J1c2+G16153A] | + | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/j1c2/ J1c2+G16153A] <!--* YFull has NO G16153A mutation under J1c2 as of 31 Jul 2022--> |
− | | | + | | 4 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Cooke (Y-DNA)#Second Generation |Cooke, John]] | ! scope="row"| [[Cooke (Y-DNA)#Second Generation |Cooke, John]] | ||
− | | [[Elizabeth Walker (mtDNA)|Sarah Warren]] | + | | [[Elizabeth Walker (mtDNA)|Sarah Warren]] |
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/H/ H1j10a] | | [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/H/ H1j10a] | ||
− | | | + | | 6 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Crackston(e) (Y-DNA) |Crackston(e), John]] | ! scope="row"| [[Crackston(e) (Y-DNA) |Crackston(e), John]] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Doty (Y-DNA) |Doty, Edward]] | ! scope="row"| [[Doty (Y-DNA) |Doty, Edward]] | ||
− | | | + | | [[Faith Clarke (mtDNA) |Faith Clarke]] |
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | | | + | | J1c3d |
− | | 2 | + | | 2 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Eaton (Y-DNA) |Eaton, Francis]] | ! scope="row"| [[Eaton (Y-DNA) |Eaton, Francis]] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Eaton (Y-DNA) |Eaton, Francis]] | ! scope="row"| [[Eaton (Y-DNA) |Eaton, Francis]] | ||
− | | 2) (Unknown)<ref> It is believed she was the unnamed maid servant to John Carver. In 1651 Gov. Bradford wrote she "married and died a year or two after". She apparently never had any children.</ref> | + | | 2) [https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Unknown-158054 Dorothy (Unknown)]<ref> It is believed she was the unnamed maid servant to John Carver. In 1651 Gov. Bradford wrote she "married and died a year or two after". She apparently never had any children.</ref> |
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Eaton (Y-DNA) |Eaton, Francis]] | ! scope="row"| [[Eaton (Y-DNA) |Eaton, Francis]] | ||
− | | [[Christian Penn (mtDNA) |3) Christian Penn]] | + | | [[Christian Penn (mtDNA) |3) Christian Penn]] |
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | + | ! style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |''no mat. gr.daus.'' | |
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Fletcher, Moses | ! scope="row"| Fletcher, Moses | ||
− | | 2) [https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=4853486161385738&set=gm.264305105682899 Sarah ____ Denby] <ref> She was the widow of William Denby | + | | 2) [https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=4853486161385738&set=gm.264305105682899 Sarah ____ Denby] <ref> She was the widow of William Denby. The Great Migration Begins I:681 states all of Moses Fletcher’s children were by his first wife.</ref> |
− | + | ||
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
+ | ! style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |''no children'' | ||
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Fuller (Y-DNA) |Fuller, Edward]] | ! scope="row"| [[Fuller (Y-DNA) |Fuller, Edward]] | ||
− | | (Unknown) | + | | [[(Unknown), wife of Edward Fuller |(Unknown) (Unknown)]] |
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Fuller (Y-DNA) |Fuller, Samuel (brother of Edward Fuller)]] | ! scope="row"| [[Fuller (Y-DNA) |Fuller, Samuel (brother of Edward Fuller)]] | ||
− | | | + | | 1) Alice Glaslock |
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
+ | ! style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |''no ch.'' | ||
+ | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
+ | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
+ | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! scope="row"| [[Fuller (Y-DNA) |Fuller, Samuel (brother of Edward Fuller)]] | ||
+ | | 2) [[Dilly, wife of Alexander Carpenter (mtDNA)#Second Generation |Agnes Carpenter]] | ||
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
+ | ! style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |''only ch. d.y.'' | ||
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! scope="row"| [[Fuller (Y-DNA) |Fuller, Samuel]] | + | ! scope="row"| [[Fuller (Y-DNA) |Fuller, Samuel (brother of Edward Fuller)]] |
| 3) [[Bridget Lee (mtDNA)|Bridget Lee]] | | 3) [[Bridget Lee (mtDNA)|Bridget Lee]] | ||
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/v/ V] | + | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/v/ V] |
| 3 | | 3 | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | |<ref> | + | | H27a +T16278C!<ref>A back mutation, reverting back to ancestra value.</ref> |
− | | | + | | 3 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Nicholas Snow (Y-DNA) |''Snow, Nicholas'']] | ! scope="row"| [[Nicholas Snow (Y-DNA) |''Snow, Nicholas'']] | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | | | + | | V |
| 3 | | 3 | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/h1a1/ H1a1] | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/h1a1/ H1a1] | ||
− | | | + | | 4 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| ''presumably never married'' | ! scope="row"| ''presumably never married'' | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/h6a1a9/ H6a1a9] <!--* YFull has NO subclades of H6a1a9 as of 31 Jul 2022--> | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/h6a1a9/ H6a1a9] <!--* YFull has NO subclades of H6a1a9 as of 31 Jul 2022--> | ||
− | | | + | | 5 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Priest (Y-DNA)|Priest, Degory]] | ! scope="row"| [[Priest (Y-DNA)|Priest, Degory]] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Rogers (Y-DNA) |Rogers, Thomas]] | ! scope="row"| [[Rogers (Y-DNA) |Rogers, Thomas]] | ||
− | | [[Cosford (mtDNA)| Alice Cosford] | + | | [[Cosford (mtDNA)| Alice Cosford]] |
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Rogers (Y-DNA)#Second Generation |Rogers, Joseph]] | ! scope="row"| [[Rogers (Y-DNA)#Second Generation |Rogers, Joseph]] | ||
− | | [[Hannah, wife of Joseph Rogers (mtDNA) |Hannah]] (Unknown) | + | | [[Hannah, wife of Joseph Rogers (mtDNA) |Hannah]] (Unknown) |
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| | | | ||
− | | 2 | + | | 2 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Soule (Y-DNA) |Soule, George]] | ! scope="row"| [[Soule (Y-DNA) |Soule, George]] | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/h1g1/ H1g1] | + | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/h1g1/ H1g1] +T16092C +A16183c |
− | | | + | | 3 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Standish (Y-DNA) |Standish, Myles]] | ! scope="row"| [[Standish (Y-DNA) |Standish, Myles]] | ||
− | | 1) Rose (Unknown) <!-- possibly maiden name Handley-- | + | | 1) Rose (Unknown) <!-- possibly maiden name Handley--> |
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | + | ! style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |''no children'' | |
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Standish (Y-DNA) |Standish, Myles]] | ! scope="row"| [[Standish (Y-DNA) |Standish, Myles]] | ||
− | | 2) Barbara (Unknown) | + | | 2) Barbara (Unknown) |
| {{na}} | | {{na}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | + | ! style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |''only dau dy'' | |
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| [[Tilley (Y-DNA) |Tilley, John]] | ! scope="row"| [[Tilley (Y-DNA) |Tilley, John]] | ||
− | | [[Joan Hurst & Elizabeth Tilley (mtDNA)|Joan HURST Rogers]] | + | | [[Joan Hurst & Elizabeth Tilley (mtDNA)|Joan HURST Rogers]] |
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/h1a1/ H1a1] | | [https://haplogroup.org/mt-story/h1a1/ H1a1] | ||
− | | | + | | 4 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Turner, John | ! scope="row"| Turner, John | ||
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| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/H/ H1j10a] | | [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/H/ H1j10a] | ||
− | | | + | | 8 |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|[[White (Y-DNA) |White, William]] | ! scope="row"|[[White (Y-DNA) |White, William]] | ||
− | | [[Susanna Jackson (mtDNA) |Susanna Jackson]] | + | | [[Susanna Jackson (mtDNA) |Susanna Jackson]] |
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | + | ! style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" |''no daughters'' | |
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|[[Winslow (Y-DNA) |Winslow, Edward]] | ! scope="row"|[[Winslow (Y-DNA) |Winslow, Edward]] | ||
− | | 1) Elizabeth Barker | + | | 1) Elizabeth Barker |
| {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | ||
− | + | ! style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | ''no children'' | |
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
| style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | | style="background: {{{color|#FFD2D2}}}" | | ||
Line 485: | Line 513: | ||
− | © 2015- | + | © 2015-2024 ''mayflowerdna.org'' All Rights Reserved |
Latest revision as of 00:27, 22 November 2024
Surnames of Mayflower passengers with links to corresponding mtDNA results pages, are listed below.
The last column gives the number of individals in the Family Tree DNA/General Society of Mayflower Descendants "Mayflower DNA Project" under each individual.
Important Note
While autosomal DNA tests (such as 23andMe and AncestryDNA) do test for a number of mtDNA SNPs (with 23andMe reporting Y-DNA and mtDNA Haplogroups) their chip-based testing only documents a limited number of SNPs and can give inaccurate information.
- ↑ Names in Italics are not Mayflower Passengers, but their wife was a passenger.
- ↑ Italics indicate that the haplogroup result is based on previous testing through other projects (usually HVR only) and may not be precise. In some of these cases, the result could be inaccurate due to inadvertent errors in lineage tracing. See surname sub-pages for further details and references.
- ↑ Bartholomew returned to England and married. He is said to have had at least four children (unknown by which wife) (Isaac, Mary, Dorothy and John), none of these lines have been traced to the present day.
- ↑ It is believed she was the unnamed maid servant to John Carver. In 1651 Gov. Bradford wrote she "married and died a year or two after". She apparently never had any children.
- ↑ She was the widow of William Denby. The Great Migration Begins I:681 states all of Moses Fletcher’s children were by his first wife.
- ↑ A back mutation, reverting back to ancestra value.
- ↑ Mayflower Families through Five Generations ("Silver Books") vol. 15 (More) lists a handful of female mtDNA descendants of the sixth generation.
- ↑ This was a bigamous marriage, since his first wife was still living in Salem, MA
- ↑ Richard More married third, sometime before 23 May 1678 to Jane (_____) Crumton (widow of Samuel Crumton). Richard and Jane had no children.
- ↑ See | Caleb Johnson's MayflowerHistory.com profile for John Turner He is known to have had a daughter Elizabeth, who initially remained in Holland, but later emigrated to New England and married (possibly in Salem). But it is currently unknown who her husband was.
- ↑ They had one daughter, Elizabeth (c1630-1698). She married (Capt.) George Curwin and Robert Brooks (II). George and Elizabeth had two daughters, Penelope (m. John Wolcott, no known children) and Susanna (m. Edward Lyde (II), only daughter Elizabeth died unmarried)
Passengers with unknown or uncertain surname include:
- Alice, wife of John Rigsdale
- Mary, wife of Edward Prower and Christopher Martin
- Dorothy, servant of John Carver
- wife of Thomas Tinker
External links and references
- Roser, Susan E., Mayflower Passenger References (from contemporary records & scholarly journals) Second Edition 2015, Canada [www.stewartbooks.com Stewart Publishing & Printing]
- Anderson, Robert Charles, The Mayflower Migration: Immigrants to Plymouth, 1620 New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, MA 2020
- List of Mayflower passengers from Wikipedia
- Mayflower passenger list from Caleb Johnson's MayflowerHistory.com
- Family Tree DNA Mayflower Project mtDNA results
- Full Genomes Corp. A DNA testing company offering a variety of DNA tests
- Family Tree DNA A DNA testing company offering a variety of DNA tests
- YSEQ DNA Origins Project A DNA testing company offering a variety of DNA tests
- YSEQ Mayflower Group Group for Y-DNA and mtDNA descendants of Mayflower Passengers and Allied Families
- Pilgrim Hall Museum
© 2015-2024 mayflowerdna.org All Rights Reserved